An appointed minister multiplies the services of their field and generates advice for you. If the candidate's traits fit the field (✦ badge), the effect grows; their salary hits your budget. An empty ministry = a lost multiplier.
Your cabinet meets roughly monthly and brings need-based suggestions: build hospitals, enact a policy, adjust a tax. If you apply, the cost is paid and the work enters the queue. Set a ministry to AUTO and it applies without asking.
Yes: with the Automatic switch on, that ministry's monthly recommendation is applied without asking you and shows up in the news feed. The chip in the cabinet header turns them all on or off at once.
Policies are ongoing effects: satisfaction, birth rate, productivity, tax income… Tap one in the Governance grid; its description, effects and costs are shown in the panel. Enacting and repealing are both your call.
Most policies scale with the funding slider: 50% funding → half effect, half cost. When the budget tightens, trimming funding is a softer brake than repealing the policy.